Water Hardness

Springs of Pennsylvania - (See also the CAT record to locate this book.)

Contains water hardness data for various springs throughout Pennsylvania. See Table 3 near the back of the book.

 

The State Water Plan - (See the CAT record to locate this book.)

Contains water hardness data for various acquifers in Pennsylvania. Locate the appropriate subbasin and look for a table containing water hardness data.

 

Engineering Characteristics of the Rocks of Pennsylvania - (See the CAT record to locate this book.) Contains descriptive information on water hardness for various rock formations in Pennsylvania.

 

Ground-water quality and data on wells and springs in Pennsylvania - (See the CAT record to locate this book.)  Presents ground-water quality and physical data on about 1,250 wells and springs in the Delaware River Basin in Pennsylvania.

Characteristics of Pennsylvania Recreational Lakes - (See the CAT record to locate this book.)  -- Contains hardness data for large Pennsylvania lakes.

Local or regional water authorities:
Water companies may provide water quality information to their customers, which may include hardness data. For example, see

• State College Borough Water Authority
• University Park Office of Physical Plant - averages approx. 174 mg/l of CaCO3 (per Paul Ruskin, OPP, June 2007)
• Williamsport Municipal Water Authority
• Altoona City Authority
• Erie County Water Authority annual report lists average hardness in one of its tables.
• American Water - listings for its Pennsylvania locations plus other states.
• Philadelphia Water Department - see section on "How hard is my water?"
  

Water Encyclopedia -

(See the CAT record to locate this book.)

• Contains data for various locations in each state (see Table 6-30 beginning on page 449) and definitions and conversion factors for water hardness.

Encyclopedia of Water

(See the CAT record to locate this book.)

• Contains an entry on hard water with a definition and a discussion of causes, softening, etc. on pages 147-149.

Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

(See the CAT record to locate this book.)

• Contains a definition of hardness on page 427.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water

(See the CAT record to locate this book.)

• Contains a description of hardness, hardness test methods, and a bibliography of resources.

Methods for Determination of Inorganic Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments

(Electronic version-See section 8 in this pdf.)
(See the CAT record to locate this book.)

• Contains information about various analytical techniques for measuring inorganic substances (including magnesium and calcium) in water.

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 

(See the CAT record to locate this book.) Also available online as Access Science.

• See chapter on Water Softening.
  

Drinking Water: Hard Water

• Information about hard water from the Nebraska Cooperative Extension.

Household Water Quality - Water Hardness

• Information about hard water from the Virgina Cooperative Extension, including a rating chart for soft-hard water.

Earth and Mineral Sciences Library